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Health of people and health of democracy: Arguments continue as SC hears FR petitions
The Attorney General’s (AG) Department on Friday informed the apex court that the March 2 dated Presidential proclamation of dissolving Parliament continues to be valid and urged the eight fundamental rights petitions which challenged its legality to be dismissed.
Representing the AG, Additional Solicitor General (ASG) Indika Demuni de Silva told court that even though elections could not be held within three months on the fixed day and the new Parliament could not be convened as stipulated in the Constitution, the Gazette could not be considered as a void document.
On the legality of accepting nominations on declared public holidays — in this instance, March 17, 18 and 19, Ms. de Silva pointed out that none of the petitioners had objected to this before filing nomination papers. This indicated the petitioners had come to the court with the motive to reconvene the old Parliament by postponing the polls.
ASG de Silva also informed court that the Health Services Director General had been named as a respondent in the petitions without any legal basis.
The ASG said detailed submissions on the legality of the Presidential proclamation would be presented on Tuesday.
The United National Party (UNP) also filed a FR petition on Thursday, joining seven other petitioners.
Romesh de Silva PC, representing Secretary to the President also informed court that his client had been informed by the Health Services Director General that preparations for Parliamentary polls could be undertaken since the COVID-19 situation was under control.
In view of the need to maintain social distancing, the proceedings began on Monday in the more spacious ceremonial courtroom of the country’s apex court.
With more than 13 intervenient petitions coming in, the Supreme Court witnessed extraordinarily lengthy submissions.
The five-judge bench comprises Chief Justice Jayantha Jayasuriya, Justice Buwaneka Aluvihare, Justice Sisara de Abrew, Justice Priyantha Jayawardena and Justice Vijith Malalgoda.
On Wednesday, the Election Commission (EC) represented by Saliya Pieris PC, informed court that the postponed general elections could not be held on June 20 in view of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Explaining in detail how the EC acted in good faith in the recent past taking public health concerns into consideration during this unprecedented trying times, he said that elections could be held within 9-11 weeks once the Health authorities gave the ‘green light’.
Mr. Pieris said he had been instructed by the EC Chairman that the proposed date — June 20 — was fixed by the Commission after much deliberation of the current situation and on the assumption that the countrywide curfew would have been lifted by April 27.
“Today we are on May 20. The night time curfew is still effective in 22 districts while the Colombo and Gampaha districts are yet to return to normalcy. This has affected the postal voting as applications are still being processed,” he told court.
Pointing out that the EC was also mindful that delaying the polls undermined parliamentary democracy, the counsel told court there must be sufficient time for election campaigns while ensuring that public health instructions were strictly adhered to.
He explained that usually, during election times, Election Department employees were engaged in official work for 16-18 hours a day but due to the current COVID-19 situation, the working hours had been reduced, leading to administrative delays.
Mr. Peiris also explained to court the EC’s position on the legal dispute over accepting nominations on March 17, 18 and 19 – dates that were declared as special public holidays.
He said the EC decided to accept the nominations after a Government Information Department statement indicated that those designated days were ‘Special holidays’ — and not ‘Public holidays”. Besides, there were no complaints that District Secretariats were closed on these days, causing difficulties to file nomination papers.
The petitioners have claimed that the EC does not have powers to hold elections in the entire country on a given day following the postponement under Section 24 (3) of the Parliamentary Elections Act but is vested with powers to hold them on a phased basis in electorates when a crisis arose.
Countering this argument, Mr Pieris said the Act could not be interpreted as referring to one electoral district, given the current unprecedented coronavirus crisis.
The court was told that EC foresaw the constitutional crisis that was emerging due to the unfavourable environment to hold the polls and delay in the new Parliament meeting within three months as clearly stipulated in Article 30 of the Constitution. Therefore, the EC wrote to the President, urging him to seek the opinion of the Supreme Court and the Attorney General (AG), but the President decided not to do so.
The Court was also told about another issue the Election Department faced. The counsel explained that the department would retain the services of retired senior officials of the department during election time but this time since most of them were vulnerable to the C0VID-19 due to their old age, this was also not possible.
“I’m instructed by the Commission to inform this court that the Commission is currently in a consultation process with the Health Ministry to prepare guidelines on how public health concerns such as usage of indelible ink, social distancing etc can be addressed in the election process,” Mr. Pieris told court, while pointing out that the election process involved millions of voters and more than 10,000 polling stations.
In another development, M. A. Sumanthiran PC who appeared for petitioner Charitha Gunaratne who sought the SC’s interference to nullify the June 20 election date, informed court that his client did not wish to pursue the petition since relief had been granted, with the EC declaring it was not possible to hold election on June 20.
With the Commission represented by Saliya Pieris PC, two other counsel appeared on behalf of the three Commissioners cited as respondents in the petitions. V. K. Choksy PC represented EC Chairman Mahinda Deshapriya and Commission member N.J. Abeysekara PC, while Commission member S. Rathnajeevan Hoole was represented by Astika Devendra.
Disputing the term ‘Special Public Holidays’ in the Gazette notification issued by the Public Administration Ministry in reference to March 17, 18, and 19, the dates on which the EC accepted nominations, Mr. Devendra argued there was no specific definition for the term under Holidays Act.
“Had we been provided with the gazette earlier, we would not have accepted the nomination on those days,” lawyer Devendra told court. Mr. Choksy, representing the other two Commissioners raised objection to the usage of ‘we’ — a collective term to refer to all three Commissioners of the EC.
Additional Solicitor General Indika Demuni de Silva who represented the AG told courts that since Prof Hoole took part in the Commission’s decisions and a signatory to the Commission’s Gazette notifications, his personal views on those decisions could not be heard in court and it was unconstitutional.
Chief Justice Jayantha Jayasuriya inquired whether Prof Hoole was impugning the unanimous decisions of the EC, in which he sits as a member. Prof. Hoole’s lawyer replied that since his client had been named as a respondent in some FR petitions, he wished to be heard.
Appearing on behalf of Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) General Secretary Sagala Kariyawasam, a respondent, Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe PC told court at the outset that all the petitions were mala fide and had no basis in law. Therefore, they should not be granted leave to proceed.
He submitted that petitioners, some of them candidates for the upcoming elections, acted on the March 2 Presidential proclamation of dissolving Parliament and handed over nomination papers, but now had come before the Supreme Court to challenge the legality of the same document. Alleging that the petitioners’ intention was malicious, he said they were seeking a court directive to prevent people from exercising their franchise. Mr Rajapakshe claimed that the doctrine of necessity could be applied in these extraordinary times, considering the wellbeing of the people.
On Wednesday, another Fundamental Rights petition filed by the Democratic United National Front (DUNF) General Secretary Ariyawansa Dissanayake was taken up for hearing after a delay in serving notice to one of the respondents — the former Speaker.
Attorney Moditha Ekanayake, who appeared for the petitioner, informed court he personally delivered the notice to the former Speaker at his private residence.
On Tuesday, Viran Corea, appearing for the Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA) and its Executive Director P. Saravanamuttu – the petitioners — argued that under Article 33 of the Constitution, March 2 proclamation dissolving Parliament is valid only if the new Parliament meets within three months as stipulated. He also submitted that the President should be constitutionally responsible and accountable to the Parliament.
Associating himself with submissions made earlier by M.A. Sumanthiran PC, Mr Corea warned that there was an imminent danger unless the impugned proclamation was held void, otherwise a dangerous precedent would be set where a vital branch of the government would not be in place and active for over the stipulated maximum of three months’ period.
Suren Fernando, appearing for the Samagi Jana Balawegaya and another petitioner argued that the dissolution of Parliament was not similar to the dissolution of a marriage bond or the permanent termination of the office. With dissolution, Parliament went into hibernation until a new Parliament was elected. He pointed out that under Article 70 (7), the President was empowered to summon a dissolved Parliament.
Stressing the importance of having an active Parliament which has full control over public finances, Mr Fernando said no withdrawal from the consolidated fund could be made by the executive branch without the approval of Parliament.
He told court that during a crisis situation, the Constitution allows the President to access funds for public services but not to borrow funds from international markets for capital payments or debt repayment. “Debt ceiling is determined by Parliament alone, and any borrowings sanctioned after April 30 is illegal and against the law,” he said.
Ikram Mohammed PC, appearing for the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), another petitioner, argued that since the President was the creature of the Constitution and not above the law of the land, he should reconvene Parliament since the March 2 proclamation had become invalid and unenforceable.
He asked how the people were expected to go to polling stations risking their own lives to cast their votes when the whole world was undergoing immense difficulties due to the coronavirus global pandemic.
Opening the submissions on behalf of petitioners on Monday, Mr. Sumanthiran explained how Sri Lanka’s parliamentary democracy adopted the values from the British Parliament and remained as a unique institution as one of the three vital organs of the government.
He argued that the March 2 proclamation issued by the President was ab initio null and void since its contents lapsed in the law.
“Parliament must be kept alive in a crisis situation since it is fundamental to our governing system. We call ourselves a democracy. If there is no Parliament in a country, that’s not a democracy,” argued a visibly tired Sumanthiran whose lengthy submission continued for nearly three hours.
He told court that though franchise was important, the Constitution had guaranteed Right to Life. But at present, political expediency was being given priority to go for elections urgently rather than combating the current pandemic.
“No one can say franchise is more important than our lives. It is a political decision but at what cost?” he asked while pounding his hands on the Lawyers’ Bench desk.
Mr. Sumanthiran said another pertinent reason why Parliament must be kept active at an unprecedented crisis time like this was the urgent need to enact or amend laws such as the Parliamentary Elections Act, the Quarantine Ordinance to conduct elections and ensure public safety during the pandemic.
He questioned the legal basis on which the curfew was being imposed . He insisted there was no mention of curfew in the Quarantine and Prevention of Diseases Act introduced by the British colonial government in 1867 to control the spread of smallpox. “There is no rule of law, where is the legal sanction for this?” he asked.
Pointing out how foreign countries such as Britain, Italy and Singapore had enacted special COVID-19 Act to facilitate governmental efforts to prevent the spread of the pandemic and ensure public health safety, Mr. Sumanthiran said Sri Lanka also needed to amend its laws or enact new laws and it was for this purpose that Parliament should be reconvened.
Romesh De Silva PC, who represented Presidential Secretary P.B. Jayasundera told the bench on Thursday that the process of conducting elections had already begun under the Parliamentary Elections Act with applications for postal voting accepted and nomination papers filed. “It is a process which is already flowing and everyone, including petitioners, has accepted the legality of it,” he argued.
On the outset of his submission, he stressed that the Parliamentary Elections Act and the Constitution must be read together when interpreting the legality of the March 2 presidential proclamation that dissolved Parliament and fixed April 25 as the election date, even though the date had lapsed and elections could not be held within three months as required by the Constitution.
Claiming that any move to reconvene the old Parliament was an insult to the sovereignty of the people, Mr. de Silva pointed out that the petitioners, including Samagi Jana Balawegaya (SJB) General Secretary Ranjith Madduma Bandara had handed over his party’s nomination list having accepted the March 2 proclamation.
He told court’s that most of the petitioners were from the same SJB alliance. Mr de Silva said those who did not want to go for fresh elections were playing cheap politics to resurrect the old Parliament. He asked whether another ‘political fight’ was being orchestrated in the Supreme Court through fundamental rights petitions.
Producing to a copy of the collective statement issued by opposition political parties indicating that they were willing to work with the government in its efforts to control the pandemic and assuring they ‘they will not topple the government’, Mr. de Silva accused the petitioners of trying to make a ‘deal’ with the President.”
When their effort failed, they petitioned the court, saying their fundamental rights were violated. “Where is the separation of powers?” he questioned.
Countering the petitioners’ arguments that the President could not access the Consolidated Fund in the absence of Parliament and only with a warrant, Mr. de Silva argued that the Constitution allowed the President to utilise the funds for the purpose of ‘public services’ and he hoped that the Court would not go further into interpret what those ‘public services’ were.
(The hearing was postponed to Tuesdaay)
| The case of changing courtrooms | |
| Even minutes before the proceedings began on Monday morning, the Superior Court Complex staff were busy fixing three clocks in the high walled chamber of the ceremonial court. They were involved in preparation to convert the ceremonial courtroom to a makeshift courtroom. The unprecedented move came following concerns over lack of space for social distancing in the court rooms, given the fact that the case involved eight petitioners, 13 intervening petitioners and a host of lawyers and juniors from the Attorney General’s Department and the private bar, not to mention the presence of media personnel and observers. An official from the Office of the Registrar supervised the employees as they fixed standing fans across the hall and opened the upper ceiling windows to ensure adequate ventilation inside the octagon shaped chamber, a main attraction of the building which was renovated under a Rs 400 million Chinese government grant in 2015. Inside the ceremonial courtroom, a spacious seating arrangement had been put in place when the five facemask wearing Supreme Court Justices walked in. “As far I know, this is the first time this ceremonial courtroom is being used to hear petitions,” the supervising official said. Usually, the ceremonial court is used for oath-taking ceremonies for attorney-at laws and President’s Counsels (PC), in addition to ceremonial sittings to welcome a newly appointed Chief Justice. With facemasks being a rule, some lawyers had difficulties in recognising their colleagues. The distance between the Bench and lawyers was longer than the recommended two metres for social distancing. Other lawyers took their seats at various places in the 250-seat hall. Microphones were placed for lawyers to address the judges,. Most lawyers seemed tired as they made lengthy submissions while wearing facemasks. It was brought to the attention of the judges on Wednesday that photographs of the ceremonial courtroom in session were shared in the social media. Chief Justice Jayantha Jayasuriya said this case should be considered as any other Supreme Court case and warned that action would be taken against those who breached court values. |